Method and apparatus to form a virtual power generation collective from a distributed network of local generation facilities

ABSTRACT

A method of accounting for electrical power contribution and consumption is presented. The method comprises receiving information, from a plurality of facilities, wherein the plurality of facilities is operable to generate and/or consume electricity, and wherein the data comprises information concerning electricity contributions to a power grid, and/or consumptions from the grid by the plurality of facilities. The method further comprises applying a robust system of cryptographic processes to said information concerning electricity contributions, and attest to the authenticity of the information, as well as to the correct attribution of the facility claimed. Finally, the method comprises tracking and accounting electricity contributions and/or consumptions from each of the plurality of facilities using decrypted and verified information in a manner that allows contributions to be independently verified through audits. The method can also comprise compensating each of the facilities based on the respective electricity contribution and/or consumption of each facility.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/189,165, filed on Mar. 1, 2021, which is aContinuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/841,098, filed on Mar. 15, 2013 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No.10,938,207, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/624,190, filed on Apr. 13, 2012, each of which arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments according to the present invention generally relate tosystems involving power generation and distribution and morespecifically to methods for measuring and accounting for generated anddistributed power.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Historically, electrical power has been delivered from a powergeneration facility, for example, Northern California Power Agency(“NCPA”), to an end-consumer at a home or business facility through anelectricity distributor, for example, Pacific, Gas and ElectricityCompany (“PG&E”). The power can usually be provisioned from any kind ofpower generation facility, for example, a hydroelectric, coal or steamplant. The electricity distributor, on the other hand, owns the grid ofwires and sub-stations that distribute power to the consumers and istypically unrelated to the power provisioning facility. Theend-consumer, traditionally, has not had any means to produce powerlocally at his or her home or business facility. The local home orbusiness facility, therefore, has only needed to be equipped withelectricity meters capable of measuring electricity drawn from the gridfor supplying the power demands of the facility.

FIG. 1 illustrates a historical power generation and distributionsystem. Power is generated by a power generator 150 and then deliveredto electricity consumers 160 through a power distributor or gridprovider 155.

This historical model has presently evolved into one where the endconsumers have the capability of generating their own power, forexample, through the advent of home solar electric panels, blume gasgenerators, fuel cells, and wind turbines. Therefore, the traditionalelectricity meters have needed to be adapted to also account for howmuch power is being supplied back into the grid. This is accomplished,for example, by allowing the meters to “run backwards,” whereupon thegrid provider would provide a refund for the amount of kilowatt-hours(“kwh”) supplied back into the grid. However, under the present model,the electricity provider is still in charge of accounting forcontributions and determining the compensation scale for thecontribution.

FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional power generation and distributionsystem as it exists presently. Power is generated by a power generator250 and distributed to the consumers through an electricity distributor255 similar to historical systems. However, in the conventional powergeneration and distribution systems of today, certain consumers 275 havemeans of generating electricity at their own facility through the useof, for example, solar panels.

The problem with the present model of power distribution and accountingis that consumer power generation capabilities are in effect competingwith corporate generation, and the corporations, in particular, the gridproviders, may choose to reward contributions back into the grid at amuch reduced rate, substantially lower than the price the electricitysupplier would charge consumers drawing from the grid. This isproblematic especially because while the purchase and installation costof the solar electric panels is less per kwh over the life of the solarpanels than the cost of the electricity drawn from the grid, it istypically more expensive than the amount refunded by the electricitydistributor corporations for supplying power back into the grid.

These constraints have, in effect, placed an economic limit on thepractical size of a home or business solar panel installation for atypical consumer. In short, if the installation produces moreelectricity than the typical electrical demand of the home on which itis fitted, it simply cannot recoup the cost of the installation throughthe money refunded through oversupply going back into the grid.Unfortunately, this leads to an artificial constraint on the typicalhome generation installation, wherein the policy of the electricitydistributor for the amount of money refunded rather than theinstallation area or other physical capability of the installation siteis the key determinative factor governing the size of the clean solarhome generation installation.

For example, a typical electricity supplier or distributor may charge$0.41 per kwh for a tier one electrical consumer at the peak demandtime, while refunding surplus electricity contributed back into the gridat only $0.11 per kwh. Meanwhile, a typical solar installation may cost$0.22 per kwh over the life of the panel. Under this model, it makeslittle economic sense for a typical consumer to utilize a solarinstallation with excess capacity over what the consumer's home orbusiness demands, because any oversupply contributed back into the gridwill not be compensated at the same rate as the power consumed.Similarly, a factory employing wind turbines would face a similardilemma if the size of the turbine results in excess capacity over whatthe local facility demands.

Since the electricity generated by solar panel, wind turbine, or a coalfired generating facility is the same once it is on the grid, there isno reason why one form of power generation should earn less per kwh thanany other method, whether it is solar, wind, geothermal or other.However, the problem with sources of electricity being fungible is thatit is challenging to distinguish electricity contributed by one providerfrom another. Therefore, it is problematic to account for thecontributions from the various different types of electricity providers.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, a need exists for a system wherein the electricalcontribution of any generation facility can be accounted for fairly andsecurely. Also, what is needed is a robust method of accounting forelectricity contribution at the source of the power supply into thegrid. Using the beneficial aspects of the systems described, withouttheir respective limitations, embodiments of the present inventionprovide a novel solution to address these problems.

Disclosed herein is a method whereby each facility's power contributioncan be recorded, tallied and time-stamped by one or more independentauditing bodies allowing the formation of virtual electricity suppliers.

In one embodiment, a method of accounting for electrical powercontributions is presented. The method comprises receiving encrypteddata from a plurality of facilities, wherein the plurality of facilitiesis operable to generate electricity, and wherein the encrypted datacomprises information concerning electricity contributions to a powergrid by the plurality of facilities. The method further comprisesdecrypting the encrypted data to access information concerningelectricity contributions. Finally, the method comprises trackingelectricity contributions from each of the plurality of facilities usingdecrypted data. The method can also comprise compensating each of theplurality of facilities based on the respective electricity contributionof each facility.

Embodiments include the above and further comprise determiningcompensation for each of the first plurality of facilities based on therespective electricity contribution of each facility.

Embodiments include the above and wherein the encrypted data isencrypted using a public key cryptographic system.

Embodiments include the above and wherein the public key cryptographicsystem is selected from a group comprising: public key distributionsystem, digital signature system and public key cryptosystem.

Embodiments include the above and wherein the public key cryptographicsystem uses an RSA algorithm.

Embodiments include the above and wherein the first plurality offacilities is further operable to consume electricity, and furtherwherein the encrypted data comprises information concerning electricityconsumption from a power grid by the first plurality of facilities.

Embodiments include the above and further comprising accounting forelectricity consumption by each of the first plurality of facilitiesusing the decrypted data.

Embodiments include the above and further comprising: (a) receiving datafrom a second plurality of facilities, wherein the second plurality offacilities is operable to consume electricity, and wherein the datacomprises information concerning electricity consumption from the powergrid by the second plurality of facilities; and (b) accounting forrespective electricity consumption for each of the second plurality offacilities using received data.

Embodiments include the above and further comprising determining acompensation amount for a grid provider for a portion of electricityconsumed by the first plurality of facilities and the second pluralityof facilities, wherein the portion of electricity is contributed by thegrid provider, and wherein determinations for a compensation amount tothe grid provider are based on information concerning electricityconsumption received from the first plurality of facilities and thesecond plurality of facilities.

Embodiments include the above and wherein the first plurality offacilities and the second plurality of facilities form a virtual powergeneration network.

Embodiments include the above and further comprising selling surpluselectricity produced by the first plurality of facilities to consumerswithin the virtual power generation network.

Embodiments include the above and wherein the encrypted data comprisesdata packets, wherein the data packets comprise: (a) power contributionmeasured as an integral of power over time; (b) a timestamp comprisingthe time of day at which the power contribution is recorded; and (c) aperiod of time over which the power contribution is measured.

Embodiments include the above and wherein the encrypted data is receivedfrom the first plurality of facilities by querying a monitoring stationlocated at each of the first plurality of facilities.

In one embodiment, an apparatus for measuring power is presented. Theapparatus comprises a meter coupled to a power generation plant at alocal facility, wherein the meter comprises: (a) a current sense moduleoperatively coupled to a processor, wherein the processor in conjunctionwith the current sense module is operable to compute power contributedby the power generation plant; (b) a memory operable to store computedpower contribution, and a first set of encryption keys used tocommunicate securely with a grid provider; and (c) a network interfaceoperable to communicate with the grid provider, wherein a communicationbetween the meter and the grid provider is secured using the first setof encryption keys, and wherein the communication comprises relaying thecomputed power contributions to the grid provider.

In another embodiment, a system of accounting for electrical powercontributions is presented. The system comprises an accounting servercommunicatively coupled to a plurality of facilities, wherein theplurality of facilities is operable to generate electricity. Theaccounting server comprises a memory operable to store accountinginformation concerning electrical contributions from the plurality offacilities and a tracking application. The server also comprises anetwork interface for communicating with the plurality of facilities anda processor coupled to the memory and the network interface. Theprocessor is configured to operate in accordance with the trackingapplication to (a) receive encrypted data from the plurality offacilities, wherein the encrypted data comprises information concerningelectricity contributions to a power grid by the plurality offacilities; (b) decrypt the encrypted data to access the informationconcerning electricity contributions; and (c) track electricitycontributions from each of the first plurality of facilities usingdecrypted data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example,and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanyingdrawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements.

FIG. 1 illustrates a historical power generation and distributionsystem.

FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional power generation and distributionsystem as it exists presently.

FIG. 3 illustrates an electricity generation and distribution system inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is an exemplary computing system for a facility power generationmeter (“FPGM”) in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example of a network architecture inwhich client FPGMs and servers may be coupled to a network, according toembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a more detailed view of a virtualelectricity distribution system at the source of the power supply inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a high level block diagram illustrating the components of avirtual electricity generation and distribution system in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart 800 of an exemplary process of securelyaccounting for electricity contribution according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 9 depicts a flowchart 900 of an exemplary process of sensingelectricity contributions and securely transmitting packets reportingelectricity contribution to an accounting server according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating the flow of data at anaccounting server according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating the flow of data at a FPGM inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

In the figures, elements having the same designation have the same orsimilar function.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reference will now be made in detail to the various embodiments of thepresent disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. While described in conjunction with theseembodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limitthe disclosure to these embodiments. On the contrary, the disclosure isintended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which maybe included within the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined bythe appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed descriptionof the present disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure.However, it will be understood that the present disclosure may bepracticed without these specific details. In other instances, well-knownmethods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described indetail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the presentdisclosure.

Some portions of the detailed descriptions that follow are presented interms of procedures, logic blocks, processing, and other symbolicrepresentations of operations on data bits within a computer memory.These descriptions and representations are the means used by thoseskilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey thesubstance of their work to others skilled in the art. In the presentapplication, a procedure, logic block, process, or the like, isconceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps or instructionsleading to a desired result. The steps are those utilizing physicalmanipulations of physical quantities. Usually, although not necessarily,these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capableof being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwisemanipulated in a computer system. It has proven convenient at times,principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals astransactions, bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, samples,pixels, or the like.

It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar termsare to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unlessspecifically stated otherwise as apparent from the followingdiscussions, it is appreciated that throughout the present disclosure,discussions utilizing terms such as “determining,” “accounting,”“receiving,” “tracking,” “encrypting,” “decrypting,” “allocating,”“associating,” “accessing,” “determining,” “identifying,” or the like,refer to actions and processes (e.g., flowchart 800 of FIG. 8 ) of acomputer system or similar electronic computing device or processor(e.g., system 110 of FIG. 4 ). The computer system or similar electroniccomputing device manipulates and transforms data represented as physical(electronic) quantities within the computer system memories, registersor other such information storage, transmission or display devices.

Embodiments described herein may be discussed in the general context ofcomputer-executable instructions residing on some form ofcomputer-readable storage medium, such as program modules, executed byone or more computers or other devices. By way of example, and notlimitation, computer-readable storage media may comprise non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media and communication media; non-transitorycomputer-readable media include all computer-readable media except for atransitory, propagating signal. Generally, program modules includeroutines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., thatperform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.The functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributedas desired in various embodiments.

Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable andnon-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storageof information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures,program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but isnot limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM),electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory or othermemory technology, compact disk ROM (CD-ROM), digital versatile disks(DVDs) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape,magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any othermedium that can be used to store the desired information and that canaccessed to retrieve that information.

Communication media can embody computer-executable instructions, datastructures, and program modules, and includes any information deliverymedia. By way of example, and not limitation, communication mediaincludes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection,and wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), infrared, andother wireless media. Combinations of any of the above can also beincluded within the scope of computer-readable media.

Method and Apparatus to Form A Virtual Power Generation Collective froma Distributed Network of Local Generation

Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to collectingmeasurements of power contribution and more specifically to a method andsystem of determining power generation capability in a distributednetwork of local generation facilities. Accordingly, embodiments of thepresent invention provide a system wherein the electrical contributionof any generation facility can be accounted for fairly and securely.Also, embodiments of the present invention provide a robust method ofaccounting for electricity contribution at the source of the powersupply into the grid. With the fair and secure accounting of electricitycontributions of the present invention, an open market can be realizedwherein any producer of electricity can be fairly rewarded according tothe size and efficiency of their contribution.

FIG. 3 illustrates an electricity generation and distribution system inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Power isgenerated by a power generator 350 and distributed to the consumersthrough an electricity distributor 355 similar to conventional systemsdiscussed above. However, for certain consumers 370 that have a meansfor generating electricity at their own facility, one embodiment of thepresent invention provides a virtual electricity and distribution hub390 that aggregates and keeps track of the various power contributionsfrom the home electricity producers 370.

Another embodiment of the present invention allows power generated byeach local facility 370 to be recorded and robustly acknowledged so thateach producer at the local facility 370 can verify that theircontribution is recognized and further verify that they are being fairlycompensated for their contribution.

One embodiment of the present invention allows for verification that thepower generated by one or more local facilities 370 represents an actualcontribution to the grid. This is important because it allows the localfacilities 370 to recognize, verify and accept that the contributionmade by other contributing facilities into the grid is not beingfalsified.

Another embodiment of the present invention keeps track of and accountsfor the time at which the power contribution is made, thereby, providingsupport for flexible compensation for power generation. The compensationcan be adjusted to more fairly compensate electricity provided fromlocal generation facilities and from providers that generate electricityon demand or at times when wind, sun and other natural sources ofelectricity are less abundant. For example, entities that generate powerat night, when solar panels at the local facilities are not running asefficiently, can be compensated at a higher rate to compensate theirhigher cost of power generation.

In one embodiment, once the contribution of one or more facilities tothe grid can be robustly and accurately recognized, the facilities canform a conglomerate or a virtual power generation organization for thepurpose of keeping track of and accounting for the contributions ofconglomerate members and creating a single virtual organization. Such avirtual organization would have the advantage of presenting a singleface to promote and charge consumers, and to facilitate the distributionof funds to producers according to contribution. For example, virtualelectricity generation and distribution hub 390 in FIG. 3 can, in oneembodiment, be a virtual power generation organization comprising aplurality of local power generation facilities that keeps track of thecontributions from its various members and apportions funds accordingly.In one embodiment, the virtual power generation organization could beset up to allow any participating facility within the organization topurchase electricity directly from another participating facility. Forexample, a facility could end up purchasing electricity directly from aneighboring facility under this arrangement.

Individual home electricity contributors can benefit from joining otherhome contributors in the formation of a virtual power generationcollective. One advantage in forming a virtual power collective is thatit would simplify the accounting and billing process. The virtual powergeneration organization may take a percentage of the total amountcollected to cover their costs and overhead. Further, the compensationpaid out by the virtual power collective may be applied more fairly bythe contributors within the conglomerate towards the future developmentof new facilities or larger facilities for electricity production.

Further, compensating the individual contributors fairly would likelyencourage continued investment in larger home generation facilities.Another advantage of the present invention is that by makinginstallation of larger home generation facilities more economicallyattractive, demand for more generation capability and, in particular,more efficient generation capability is driven up. Accordingly,facilitating virtual power generation capability can create a new powergeneration economy by providing an organically created economic stimulusfor purchasing of local electricity generation capabilities, forexample, home solar panels. It can also drive an increased investment intechnologies to improve the efficiency of small scale power generationcapabilities, e.g., home fuel cells.

Additionally, the ability to recognize and distinguish the contributionsfrom the various facilities, or conglomerate of facilities, into thegrid can provide consumers the ability, in one embodiment, to choose tocompensate whichever entity they prefer to pay for their supply ofelectricity. For example, a consumer may choose to pay a local virtualpower generation organization formed from the combined contributions ofmultiple local home power generation facilities within the consumer'scommunity.

One objective of the present invention is to connect suppliers andconsumers via a virtual electric grid formed from networkedmicro-generation capable facilities. Connecting the suppliers andconsumers allows small scale producers of solar, wind and geothermalenergy to collaborate together to collect compensation or funding forfacility maintenance and improvement. As an increasing number of localelectricity generating facilities such as solar panels are beinginstalled on a smaller scale, for example, in residential homes andcorporate facilities, the ability of these facilities to contributepower back into the grid as well as support local demand for furtherinstallations continues to grow.

As the number of distributed local generation facilities grows, theopportunity arises for these facilities to collect and pool theircontributions by forming a Virtual Power Generation Network (“VPGN”). AVPGN can be a collection of power generation facilities, which operatecollectively to form a distributed power generation capability. When aVPGN is available on a grid as a power provider, other electricityconsumers have an option to then purchase electricity from the VPGN.Since the VPGN is established via a robust data collection throughaccounting for each facility's contribution to the VPGN, it is thenpossible to account for the contribution of each local generationfacility and to distribute funding according to amount of contributionand the time stamp on when the contribution was made. In essence, thepower distribution and accounting system of the present invention allowsall the contributions from the various facilities to be accounted for ina “cloud,” whereby individual consumers can buy electricity for theirpersonal use directly from the cloud.

In one embodiment, a facility power generation meter (“FPGM”) is locatedat each facility, which counts the power either drawn from or suppliedto the grid from the facility generation plant (“FGP”). The FGP is thepower generation capability local to a particular facility, e.g., solarpanels at the facility. Each FPGM is connected to a grid provider(“GP”), which is the owner of the neighborhood electrical connection tothe facility.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary computing system 110 for a facilitypower generation meter (“FPGM”) in accordance with embodiments of thepresent invention. Computing system 110 broadly represents any single ormulti-processor computing device or system capable of executingcomputer-readable instructions. In its most basic configuration,computing system 110 may include at least one processor 114 and a systemmemory 116.

Processor 114 generally represents any type or form of processing unitcapable of processing data or interpreting and executing instructions.In certain embodiments, processor 114 may receive instructions from asoftware application or module. These instructions may cause processor114 to perform the functions of one or more of the example embodimentsdescribed and/or illustrated herein.

System memory 116 generally represents any type or form of volatile ornon-volatile storage device or medium capable of storing data and/orother computer-readable instructions. Examples of system memory 116include, without limitation, RAM, ROM, flash memory, or any othersuitable memory device. Although not required, in certain embodimentscomputing system 110 may include both a volatile memory unit (such as,for example, system memory 116) and a non-volatile storage device (suchas, for example, primary storage device 132).

Computing system 110 may also include one or more components or elementsin addition to processor 114 and system memory 116. For example, in theembodiment of FIG. 4 , computing system 110 includes a memory controller118, an input/output (I/O) controller 120, and a communication interface122, each of which may be interconnected via a communicationinfrastructure 112. Communication infrastructure 112 generallyrepresents any type or form of infrastructure capable of facilitatingcommunication between one or more components of a computing device.Examples of communication infrastructure 112 include, withoutlimitation, a communication bus (such as an Industry StandardArchitecture (ISA), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), PCI Express(PCIe), or similar bus) and a network.

Memory controller 118 generally represents any type or form of devicecapable of handling memory or data or controlling communication betweenone or more components of computing system 110. For example, memorycontroller 118 may control communication between processor 114, systemmemory 116, and I/O controller 120 via communication infrastructure 112.

I/O controller 120 generally represents any type or form of modulecapable of coordinating and/or controlling the input and outputfunctions of a computing device. For example, I/O controller 120 maycontrol or facilitate transfer of data between one or more elements ofcomputing system 110, such as processor 114, system memory 116,communication interface 122, display adapter 126, input interface 130,and storage interface 134.

Communication interface 122 broadly represents any type or form ofcommunication device or adapter capable of facilitating communicationbetween example computing system 110 and one or more additional devices.For example, communication interface 122 may facilitate communicationbetween computing system 110 and a private or public network includingadditional computing systems. Or, for example, communication interface122 may facilitate communication between the FPGM and the grid provider.Examples of communication interface 122 include, without limitation, awired network interface (such as a network interface card), a wirelessnetwork interface (such as a wireless network interface card), a modem,and any other suitable interface. In one embodiment, communicationinterface 122 provides a direct connection to a remote server via adirect link to a network, such as the Internet. Communication interface122 may also indirectly provide such a connection through any othersuitable connection.

Communication interface 122 may also represent a host adapter configuredto facilitate communication between computing system 110 and one or moreadditional network or storage devices via an external bus orcommunications channel. Examples of host adapters include, withoutlimitation, Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) host adapters,Universal Serial Bus (USB) host adapters, IEEE (Institute of Electricaland Electronics Engineers) 1394 host adapters, Serial AdvancedTechnology Attachment (SATA) and External SATA (eSATA) host adapters,Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) and Parallel ATA (PATA) hostadapters, Fibre Channel interface adapters, Ethernet adapters, or thelike. Communication interface 122 may also allow computing system 110 toengage in distributed or remote computing. For example, communicationinterface 122 may receive instructions from a remote device, forexample, at the grid provider's end, or send instructions to a remotedevice for execution.

In one embodiment, the communication interface 122 on the FPGM canconnect to the network through one of various protocols, e.g.,wirelessly through a Wi-Fi connection, or through a wired Ethernetconnection or even by communicating using Ethernet over power cables.

As illustrated in FIG. 4 , computing system 110 may also include atleast one display device 124 coupled to communication infrastructure 112via a display adapter 126. Display device 124 generally represents anytype or form of device capable of visually displaying informationforwarded by display adapter 126. Similarly, display adapter 126generally represents any type or form of device configured to forwardgraphics, text, and other data for display on display device 124.

As illustrated in FIG. 4 , computing system 110 may also include atleast one input device 128 coupled to communication infrastructure 112via an input interface 130. Input device 128 generally represents anytype or form of input device capable of providing input, eithercomputer- or human-generated, to computing system 110. Examples of inputdevice 128 include, without limitation, a keyboard, a pointing device, aspeech recognition device, or any other input device.

As illustrated in FIG. 4 , computing system 110 may also include aprimary storage device 132 and a backup storage device 133 coupled tocommunication infrastructure 112 via a storage interface 134. Storagedevices 132 and 133 generally represent any type or form of storagedevice or medium capable of storing data and/or other computer-readableinstructions. For example, storage devices 132 and 133 may be a magneticdisk drive (e.g., a so-called hard drive), a floppy disk drive, amagnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a flash drive, or the like.Storage interface 134 generally represents any type or form of interfaceor device for transferring data between storage devices 132 and 133 andother components of computing system 110.

In one embodiment, the FPGM can also include storage 148 to storeencryption keys used to communicate with the grid provider or VPGNs.Storage 148 can be separate from or part of the primary storage device132. Also, in one embodiment, all the storage employed in system 110would either be secure or use code signing techniques to ensure securestorage and execution of programs and software on the FPGM.

In one example, databases 140 may be stored in primary storage device132. Databases 140 may represent portions of a single database orcomputing device or it may represent multiple databases or computingdevices. For example, databases 140 may represent (be stored on) aportion of computing system 110 and/or portions of example networkarchitecture 200 in FIG. 2 (below). Alternatively, databases 140 mayrepresent (be stored on) one or more physically separate devices capableof being accessed by a computing device, such as computing system 110and/or portions of network architecture 200.

Continuing with reference to FIG. 4 , storage devices 132 and 133 may beconfigured to read from and/or write to a removable storage unitconfigured to store computer software, data, or other computer-readableinformation. Examples of suitable removable storage units include,without limitation, a floppy disk, a magnetic tape, an optical disk, aflash memory device, or the like. Storage devices 132 and 133 may alsoinclude other similar structures or devices for allowing computersoftware, data, or other computer-readable instructions to be loadedinto computing system 110. For example, storage devices 132 and 133 maybe configured to read and write software, data, or othercomputer-readable information. Storage devices 132 and 133 may also be apart of computing system 110 or may be separate devices accessed throughother interface systems.

In one embodiment, the processor 114 is capable of processing data frompower detection (or current sense) circuit 146 that is receivedsubsequent to being processed through an analog to digital converter144. The processor 114, in one embodiment, can also be programmed tocompute a history of power production and consumption.

Many other devices or subsystems may be connected to computing system110. Conversely, all of the components and devices illustrated in FIG. 4need not be present to practice the embodiments described herein. Thedevices and subsystems referenced above may also be interconnected indifferent ways from that shown in FIG. 4 . Computing system 110 may alsoemploy any number of software, firmware, and/or hardware configurations.For example, the example embodiments disclosed herein may be encoded asa computer program (also referred to as computer software, softwareapplications, computer-readable instructions, or computer control logic)on a computer-readable medium.

The computer-readable medium containing the computer program may beloaded into computing system 110. All or a portion of the computerprogram stored on the computer-readable medium may then be stored insystem memory 116 and/or various portions of storage devices 132 and133. When executed by processor 114, a computer program loaded intocomputing system 110 may cause processor 114 to perform and/or be ameans for performing the functions of the example embodiments describedand/or illustrated herein. Additionally or alternatively, the exampleembodiments described and/or illustrated herein may be implemented infirmware and/or hardware.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example of a network architecture inwhich client FPGMs 210, 220, and 230 and servers 240 and 245 may becoupled to a network 250, according to embodiments of the presentinvention. Servers 240 and 245 may, in one embodiment, belong to theVPGN, where they, among other things, keep track of the contributionsmade by the FGPs and communicated to the VPGN servers using the clientFPGMs 210, 220 and 230. Servers 240 and 245 may also, in anotherembodiment, belong to the grid provider's network and be used to collectinformation about the contributions from the various FGPs. In adifferent embodiment, server 240 may belong to the VPGN while server 245may belong to the grid provider's network. Client systems 210, 220, and230 generally represent any type or form of computing device or systemused on a FPGM, such as computing system 110 of FIG. 4 .

Similarly, servers 240 and 245 generally represent computing devices orsystems, such as application servers or database servers, configured toprovide various database services and/or run certain softwareapplications. Network 250 generally represents any telecommunication orcomputer network including, for example, an intranet, a wide areanetwork (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a personal area network(PAN), or the Internet.

With reference to computing system 110 of FIG. 4 , a communicationinterface, such as communication interface 122, may be used to provideconnectivity between each client system 210, 220, and 230 and network250. Client systems 210, 220, and 230 may be able to access informationon server 240 or 245 using special purpose client software used tocommunicate with the FPGMs. Such software may allow client systems 210,220, and 230 to access data hosted by server 240, server 245, storagedevices 260(1)-(L), storage devices 270(1)-(N), storage devices290(1)-(M), or intelligent storage array 295. Although FIG. 5 depictsthe use of a network (such as the Internet) for exchanging data, theembodiments described herein are not limited to the Internet or anyparticular network-based environment.

In one embodiment, all or a portion of one or more of the exampleembodiments disclosed herein are encoded as a computer program andloaded onto and executed by server 240, server 245, storage devices260(1)-(L), storage devices 270(1)-(N), storage devices 290(1)-(M),intelligent storage array 295, or any combination thereof. All or aportion of one or more of the example embodiments disclosed herein mayalso be encoded as a computer program, stored in server 240, run byserver 245, and distributed to client systems 210, 220, and 230 overnetwork 250.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a more detailed view of a virtualelectricity distribution system at the source of the power supply inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention. A local facility630 that is part of the VPGN may have a local facility generation plant(“FGP”) as discussed above. For example, the FGP may comprise solarpanels 650 as shown in FIG. 6 . Where solar panels are being used togenerate power, a solar inverter 640 may be part of the installation atthe local facility. Inverter 640 converts the variable direct current(DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequencyalternating current that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid orused by the local off-grid electrical network. The FPGM 620 that is atthe source of the power supply may be used to keep track of theelectricity contribution and consumption of the respective facility 630to which it is connected. A facility power meter (not shown) is a powermeter at the facility 630 which counts the power consumed from the grid.FIG. 6 element 625 represents the current sense circuit (per FIG. 4element 146), measuring net power flowing in/out: from grid power lineto the local facility, and thus the facility's net power, that is: thenet difference between facility-local generation and facility-localconsumption. FIG. 6 element 645 represents the communication interface,from the inverter 640 to the FPGM 620, communicating information on thefacility-local power generation.

A line of communication 645, between the inverter 640 and the FPGM 620,as shown in FIG. 6 communicates FGP power generation information fromthe inverter 640 to the FPGM 620. Additionally, in FIG. 6 ., element625, power measurement sensors are illustrated by circles on the “PowerGrid” lines, connected to the FPGM 620, monitoring the net power flowingto/from the facility. As is well understood, and obvious to anyonefamiliar with the basic principles of electricity (i.e., Kirchoff s Law,and Ohm's Law), the net observed power on the grid power line to thefacility by element 625, will be the difference between the powergenerated by the facility, and the power consumed by the facility, andthus: “Net Contribution”=“Generation”−“Consumption”.

As a result of receiving the information of net power flowing in/out ofthe facility, and the inverter 640 communicating the FGP generationpower to the FPGM 620, the FPGM 620 is thereby enabled to derive theconsumption of the specific facility, as distinct from the net observedpower (e.g., the power observed via element 625, the sensors on the“Power Grid” lines), and distinct from the power generation (e.g. theFGP power generation information communicated from the inverter 640, viaFIG. 6 ., element 645). And further to distinguish whether the facilityhas a net positive contribution back to the power grid (i.e., greatergeneration), or a net negative contribution (i.e., greater consumption),the amount of facility contribution is based on the relative amounts offacility generation versus facility consumption.

The power grid sensors in FIG. 6 ., element 625, may for example, useinductive coupling, physical wire taps to measure power, or any othermethod for measuring power flow. The inverter communication interface inFIG. 6 ., element 645, may for example, use USB, CAN, RS-232, RS-485,Ethernet or other physical connection. Also, TCP/IP, Modbus, CANbus, orany other common protocol for reporting generation power may be used.The physical connections and protocols for inverter communication, asdefined by IEEE 1547.1 and 1547.3 (circa 2007) industry inverterinterface specification, and as mandated by UL 1741 (circa 2010),requirements for inverters. While described in conjunction with theseembodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limitthe disclosure to these embodiments.

In one embodiment, each FPGM 620 at each facility needs to have a securemeans of communicating over the network, e.g., to a grid provider 660 orthe VPGN 610. This can be done by ensuring that all data transmitted toand from a FPGM is encrypted. Encrypting the data ensures that there isintegrity to the system and that each facility's contribution can beaccounted for accurately. In one embodiment, public key cryptographyusing asymmetric key algorithms such as RSA can be used to encrypt thedata. In another embodiment, any of the three primary kinds of publickey cryptography systems can be used, namely, public key distributionsystems, digital signatures system, and public key cryptosystems. Thethree kinds of public key systems can perform both public keydistribution and digital signature services. For example, well knownalgorithms such as Diffie-Hellman key exchange, which is a type ofpublic key distribution system, and Digital Signature Algorithm, whichis a type of digital signature system, can be used. However, theinvention is not limited to only using public key cryptographicalgorithms. Any number of various methods and algorithms may be used toencrypt FPGM data.

Where public key cryptographic techniques are used, each FPGM at asubscriber's site may comprise a private key and a public key pair. Thisprivate and public key pair can be provided by, for example, the gridprovider. The FPGM may report its power consumption or contribution tothe grid provider server 660 using Energy Contribution Count datapackets (“ECC”) over network interface 122 as discussed above.

The ECC data packets can comprise the power contribution measured as anintegral of power over time (watt-hours). It can also include atimestamp, including the time of day in which the contribution wasrecorded. Also, it can include a number identifying its order in thesequence of ECC packets transmitted. Further, it can include the unit oftime over which the energy consumption or production was measured. Itmay include the amount of power, the direction of power flow, and theduration of flow. In addition, it can also include the integral ofcontribution over the time interval. It may include one or morehistorical integrals summing the contribution over longer intervals. Itmay include facility location or location within the facility, facilityidentifier, as well as the type of generation. It may include the methodof power generation at the facility, such as whether wind, solar,thermal or other generation method. Finally, it may include recipientsupplied information such as recipient and facility identifiers,recipient supplied cryptographic nonce. By including the integrals ofcontributions over certain time intervals, the ECCs protect against databeing lost due to network outages or other potential transmissionerrors, because the integrals may used to reconstruct the contributiondata.

In one embodiment where public key cryptography is used, the FPGM 620can sign the ECC with a private key provided by the grid provider. Italso can include a certificate signed by the grid provider (or otherrecognized signing authority), which includes a matching public key,thereby, allowing the ECC to be decrypted at the receiving end.

In one embodiment, the FPGM 620 may be programmed to include signaturesof the prior ECCs in subsequent ECCs as a way to protect againsttampering. Further, forensic data collection techniques can be used toexamine the history of ECC packets to verify lost data packets. Also,the FPGMs can be programmed to continue including past ECC signatures insubsequent packets until receipt of transmission from the grid provideracknowledging receipt of the ECC. This mechanism allows the history ofcontribution and consumption for a particular FPGM to be recreatedeasily.

In one embodiment, the FPGM includes a mechanism to perform a handshakewith the auditing server, e.g., the grid provider's server 240 or 245 inFIG. 5 . For example, the auditing server can transmit certainverification information to be introduced into the signature in order toverify the data received from the FPGM. The verification information cancomprise timestamps, recipient supplied nonce, sequential numbers, orother identification information that can be integrated into thesignature by the FPGM to provide robustness for the information beingtransmitted.

In another embodiment, the FPGM may utilize one of many differenttechniques to transmit the energy count to the grid provider's networkusing the ECCs. For example, the FPGM can transmit data over the grid'swired network to the sub-station. Alternatively, the FPGM may transmitthe ECCs over local facility wireless networks, e.g., through WiFiaccess points at the local facility. Or the FPGM may transmit the energycounts to the grid provider via wireless mesh networks formed fromneighboring facilities with similar FPGMs.

The sub-station collects the ECC packets transmitted by the variousFPGMs, verifies the signatures and accumulates the contributions of eachFGP. It can also run audit checks. The auditing process can identifytampering or falsified contributions. It can also identify situationswhere an FGP's ECC data is missing, e.g., due to a local networkfailure.

In one embodiment, where data collection is not possible over thenetwork, for example, because of a network outage or because of afacility's remote location, or where the data may need to be collectedmanually, for example, to detect tampering or falsification, atechnician may visit a FGP at the local facility 630 and collect thedata manually from a FPGM 620 using a handheld collection device.Holding the device in close proximity to the FPGM, the FPGM may transmitdata to the handheld collection device using Infra-Red, Near Fieldwireless technologies, Bluetooth, Electromagnetic Induction, or othernon-contact, and direct electrical interface contact data transmissionmechanisms.

In one embodiment, as the handheld collection device downloads ECC datafrom the FPGM 620, the meter and device may confirm each time intervalrecorded. The FPGM may subsequently insert this download confirmationinto subsequent ECC data signatures. The confirmation may comprise aserial number of the handheld collective device, the last timestampcollected and the time intervals collected.

As discussed above, in one embodiment, the ECC is signed with atimestamp, recording when a unit of power has been supplied into thegrid. By including the unit of time over which an energy contributionwas made, the ECC allows both power and time to be factored into therunning integral, thereby, allowing a long term average to be computed.As acknowledgements of the ECCs are received back from the VPGN, thesemay be accumulated in the long term average, to allow the facility toobserve the net amount of electricity supplied versus net amountaccounted for by the VPGN, and thus verify contributions are beingrecognized.

Similar to how the FPGM 620 reports information to the grid provider,the FPGM, in one embodiment, may also communicate with the VPGN server610 via the network interface 122 or through a manual collectionprocess. The FPGM sends the ECC and the signature to the VPGN server610. The VPGN server records and performs the accounting for all FGPcontributions by examining the ECC and verifying it using the respectivesignature. If verified, the VPGN can respond to the FPGM with anothersignature of the ECC using a separate private/public key pair from theone used to securely communicate with the grid provider, in instanceswhere public key cryptographic techniques are being utilized. Uponrecognizing that the VPGN has processed an ECC, the FPGM may convey thepertinent information to the local electricity producing consumers. Theconsumers can use this information to verify that their contributionhave been received and accounted. As the VPGN verifies each ECCreceived, it accumulates and records the contribution of each FGP sothat in the subsequent payment cycle, each respective FGP may beappropriately compensated according to its contribution.

In one embodiment, the VPGN may also receive packets from the FPGMscorresponding to the electricity consumed by the local facilitiessubscribing to the VPGN power distribution and supply network. However,existing meters (facility power meters) operated using conventionalmethods can also be used to report back the power consumption by thelocal facilities. The power production and consumption data receivedfrom each local facility can be used to compute the amount billed toeach local facility consumer in the event that more power is drawn thancontributed by the respective local facility consumer, or compute theamount to be compensated to each local facility consumer in the eventthat more power is contributed by the facility than drawn from the grid.

FIG. 7 is a high level block diagram illustrating the components for avirtual electricity generation and distribution system (i.e., a VPGN) inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Each VPGN canbe a conglomerate of distributed local electricity generationfacilities. A VPGN, in one embodiment, may not only be a collection ofpower generating facilities 720, but also be available on a grid as apower provider, thereby, allowing electricity consumers 730 to also bepart of the VPGN. When a VPGN is available on a grid as a powerprovider, other electricity consumers have an option to then purchaseelectricity from the VPGN. The power distribution and accounting systemof the present invention allows all the contributions from the variousdistributed production facilities 720 to be accounted for in a cloud750. Also, individual electricity consumers 730 can buy electricity fortheir personal use directly from the cloud 750. At the back-end, anaccounting server 740, similar to servers 240 and 245 illustrated anddiscussed in FIG. 2 , can keep track of the contribution and consumptionlevels of the various local facilities.

In one embodiment, producers 720 may be able to query the FPGM at theirown local facility to verify their contribution or consumption history,and also query the accounting server 740 at the VPGN to determinewhether their contributions are being fairly accounted for. For example,a producer 720 may be equipped with its own handheld collection deviceto collect data from the FPGM or the producer 720 may have some othermanual means of doing a data dump from the FPGM. Alternatively, the FPGMcould be connected through network interface 122 to the producer'spersonal computer allowing the consumer to interface with the FPGMthrough a Wi-Fi or web interface. One advantage of storing all theconsumers' and producers' data in a cloud 750 is the ability for all thevarious entities that are part of a VPGN to be able to verify theirrespective contribution and consumption conveniently.

In one embodiment, the VPGN and the grid provider could also collaboratein order to, among other things, verify that all the contribution andconsumption amounts have been accounted for fairly and accurately. If aVPGN and the grid provider are to share a grid, some type ofcollaboration between the two entities would be envisioned under thescheme proposed by the present invention. For example, a grid providerwould need to audit the various compensation amounts to the localfacilities so as to ensure that they are paying out accurate and fairamounts for the power contributed to the grid by the facilities and alsobeing compensated for any net power being consumed by the facilities.

Further, collaboration between a VPGN and the grid provider, e.g., PG&Ewould facilitate compensation sharing between the various powerprovisioning entities. For example, in one embodiment, there could be anaccounting for the percentage of power contributed by the grid providerto the facilities that constitute a particular VPGN network versus thepercentage of power contributed by the facilities within the VPGN. Inthis way, the grid provider could be fairly compensated for thepercentage of power contributed by it, while each of the facilitieswithin the VPGN could be compensated for the amount of power contributedby the respective facility. In one embodiment, instead of splittingcompensation on a percentage basis, each of the facilities, includingthe grid provider, could be compensated per kwh contributed to the grid.

In one embodiment, the grid provider may continue to charge theconsumers directly for the net power consumed by them as determined fromthe auditing info received from the various FPGMs at the localfacilities.

In another embodiment, the consumers could buy their power directly fromthe VPGN rather than the grid provider and VPGN could sub-contract withthe grid provider to buy power during certain time periods. For example,where the facilities in a VPGN comprise FGPs that generate powerpredominantly through the use of solar panels, the VPGN couldsub-contract with the grid provider to buy power during the night whensolar panels are less efficient. The facilities within the VPGN couldpay the VPGN for their usage based on the auditing information and theVPGN could compensate the grid provider directly on a lump sum basis.Because the grid provider also receives the ECCs from the various FPGMs,it could use that information to audit the amount paid to it by theVPGN. In a different embodiment, each net electricity consumer couldreceive two separate bills, one from the grid provider and one from theVPGN for power provided during different times of the day. In thisembodiment, the consumer would handle their bill for power consumed fromthe grid provider and the VPGN separately.

In another embodiment, the entities that sell the consumers the FGPs,e.g., solar panels, could effectively become the consumer's power supplycompany. In this embodiment, instead of charging the consumer for thesolar panel, the solar panel manufacturer would, in effect, be leasingthe consumer's roof space and get compensated for generating power andcontributing it to the grid. Meanwhile, the consumers could pay thesolar panel manufacturer directly for any power it consumes.

FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart 800 of an exemplary process of securelyaccounting for electricity contribution from local production facilitiesaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. The invention,however, is not limited to the description provided by flowchart 800.Rather, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s)from the teachings provided herein that other functional flows arewithin the scope and spirit of the present invention. Flowchart 800 willbe described with continued reference to exemplary embodiments describedabove, though the method is not limited to those embodiments.

At step 802, the VPGN accounting server 740 receives informationincluding cryptographic data from the FPGMs at the various localelectricity producer facilities 720. As discussed above, the data, inone embodiment, can be transmitted in the form of ECC packets 710 andcan be encrypted or signed using public key certificate techniques. Inone embodiment, the data can be received by an accounting servercontrolled by the grid provider. In another embodiment, the server canalso receive data from the electricity consuming facilities 730, inaddition to the electricity producer facilities 720, regardingelectricity consumed by the respective facilities.

At step 804, the data 710 is verified or decrypted to access informationregarding electricity produced and consumed by the facilities. In oneembodiment, the encrypted data only comprises information regardingelectricity produced, while information regarding electricity consumedis conveyed by conventional means, e.g., using a regular meter (facilitypower meter).

At step 806, the data is used to track electricity contributions made byeach of the local electricity producer facilities 720. In oneembodiment, the data is also used to track electricity consumption byall the various facilities 720 and 730. In one embodiment, either thegrid provider or the VPGN accounting server receiving the encrypted datacould be running a tracking application that is operable to verify ordecrypt the received data and keep track of the electricity contributionand consumption amounts for the various connected facilities.

At step 808, the various electricity producer facilities 720 arecompensated for the surplus electricity each of them has contributedback to the grid. The servers at either the grid provider's or theVPGN's facilities are programmed to accurately, securely and robustlykeep track of the contributions from the various facilities so that theintegrity of the system can be relied upon.

In the embodiment where the VPGN keeps track of the variouscontributions, at step 810, the grid provider can be compensated for theportion of electricity contributed by the grid provider to facilities720 and 730. For example, the grid provider may need to contributeelectricity at overcast days when the solar panels installed at theproducer facilities 720 are not as efficient. Therefore, whileelectricity provided by the producer facilities 720 may be prioritizedwithin the VPGN network, the VPGN may still need to draw power from thegrid provider on certain occasions and compensate the grid provideraccordingly.

FIG. 9 depicts a flowchart 900 of an exemplary process of sensingelectricity contributions and securely transmitting packets reportingelectricity contribution to an accounting server according to anembodiment of the present invention. The invention, however, is notlimited to the description provided by flowchart 900. Rather, it will beapparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachingsprovided herein that other functional flows are within the scope andspirit of the present invention. Flowchart 900 will be described withcontinued reference to exemplary embodiments described above, though themethod is not limited to those embodiments.

At step 902, a FPGM or “monitoring station” 620 installed at a facility630 senses the outgoing current passing through the meter using currentsense circuit 146 and computes the power that is contributed by thelocal FGP 650.

At step 904, the FPGM may store the computed power contributions insystem memory 116 or a primary storage device 132.

At step 906, the FPGM packetizes the computed power contribution datainto ECC data packets. The ECC data packets, as discussed above,comprise power contribution measured as an integral of power over time(watt-hours). They may also include a time-stamp and a unit of time overwhich the energy contribution was measured.

At step 908, the ECC data is encrypted using the encryption keys storedin the key storage module 148.

Finally, at step 910, the ECC data packets can be transmitted to remoteaccounting server 740.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating the flow of data at anaccounting server according to one embodiment of the present invention.The encrypted data packets are received by a data receiver 1010 ataccounting server 740. The packets are decrypted by the receiver andforwarded to contribution engine 1020 for determining the contributionamounts from the decrypted data.

Contribution engine 1020 is operable to recognize contributions from thevarious monitoring stations at the connected power generating facilities720 and keep track of the contribution from each of the facilities. Forexample, in FIG. 10 , contribution engine 1020 keeps track of thecontribution 1050 from Facility 1 separately from contribution 1060 fromFacility N.

The respective contribution information is then passed to a compensationengine 1070. The compensation engine 1070 is responsible for convertingthe contribution amounts from each of the respective facilities tocompensation amounts. For example, compensation engine 1070 willdetermine a separate compensation amount 1090 for Facility 1 based onthe contribution amount 1050 for Facility 1. Further, it will determinea separate compensation amount 1080 for Facility N based on thecontribution amount 1060 for Facility N.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating the flow of data at a FPGM inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As discussed inrelation to FIG. 9 , current sense module 146 determines the amount ofoutgoing electricity at a FPGM 620. The data collected by current sensemodule 146 is used by the power contribution computation engine 1102 todetermine the amount of power contributed back into the grid from FGP650. The data packetizer 1104 transforms the power contribution datafrom power contribution computation engine 1102 into ECC packets 710.Data packetizer 1104 also receives timing information, wherein thetiming information is used to time-stamp the ECC data packets.

The ECC data packets 710 are encrypted using data encryption engine1106. Data encryption engine 1106 may receive encryption, certificatesand signing keys from keys storage module 148. The encrypted or signeddata is subsequently transmitted to an accounting server using datatransmitter module 1108.

According to some embodiments, a virtual power supply company may enterinto agreement with power grid provider for their collective use of ashared power grid, to supply power to consumers through the power grid,as well as, to draw power from the power grid. The agreements mayprovide for fair accounting of aggregate contribution onto the sharedpower grid, or consumption from the grid, by the co-operativefacilities, using information collected from facilities, and with amutually agreed format and authentication systems, to support crossauditing of the contributions and consumption.

According to some embodiments, cryptographic processes are performed onencrypted and signed information in order to attest to the authenticityof the facility information, and verify the attribution to a specificfacility. Cryptographic processes can be performed to extract theencrypted information, and verify the signatures concerning electricitycontributions and consumptions. Respective electricity contributionsfrom each of the first plurality of facilities can be tracked using thecryptographic attestation and attribution verification processes.

According to some embodiments, the facility electricity metering systeminvolves securely embedding cryptographic material, including keys,certificates authenticating said keys, cryptographic processes,challenge-response protocols, and information signing processes withinmetering equipment of said facilities.

According to some embodiments, the facility metering equipment includescryptographic material such as a signing keys, and certificates,provided by the grid supplier and/or auditor of said contribution andconsumption information, for the purpose of signing said informationwithin the facility metering equipment, in a manner that permitscryptographically attesting to the use of approved facility meteringequipment, and the independent verification of the authenticity of saidmetering information.

According to some embodiments, electricity consumption by each of saidfirst plurality of facilities is accounted for using meteringinformation and the information is validated using cryptographicprocesses to authenticate the information and attribute the informationto a specific facility.

While the foregoing disclosure sets forth various embodiments usingspecific block diagrams, flowcharts, and examples, each block diagramcomponent, flowchart step, operation, and/or component described and/orillustrated herein may be implemented, individually and/or collectively,using a wide range of hardware, software, or firmware (or anycombination thereof) configurations. In addition, any disclosure ofcomponents contained within other components should be considered asexamples because many other architectures can be implemented to achievethe same functionality.

The process parameters and sequence of steps described and/orillustrated herein are given by way of example only. For example, whilethe steps illustrated and/or described herein may be shown or discussedin a particular order, these steps do not necessarily need to beperformed in the order illustrated or discussed. The various examplemethods described and/or illustrated herein may also omit one or more ofthe steps described or illustrated herein or include additional steps inaddition to those disclosed.

While various embodiments have been described and/or illustrated hereinin the context of fully functional computing systems, one or more ofthese example embodiments may be distributed as a program product in avariety of forms, regardless of the particular type of computer-readablemedia used to actually carry out the distribution. The embodimentsdisclosed herein may also be implemented using software modules thatperform certain tasks. These software modules may include script, batch,or other executable files that may be stored on a computer-readablestorage medium or in a computing system. These software modules mayconfigure a computing system to perform one or more of the exampleembodiments disclosed herein. One or more of the software modulesdisclosed herein may be implemented in a cloud computing environment.Cloud computing environments may provide various services andapplications via the Internet. These cloud-based services (e.g.,software as a service, platform as a service, infrastructure as aservice, etc.) may be accessible through a Web browser or other remoteinterface. Various functions described herein may be provided through aremote desktop environment or any other cloud-based computingenvironment.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed with reference to specific embodiments. However, theillustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modificationsand variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and its practical applications, to therebyenable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention andvarious embodiments with various modifications as may be suited to theparticular use contemplated.

Embodiments according to the invention are thus described. While thepresent disclosure has been described in particular embodiments, itshould be appreciated that the invention should not be construed aslimited by such embodiments, but rather construed according to the belowclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: providing a facility powermeter at a facility, wherein the facility power meter counts a powerconsumed by the facility from a power grid; providing a facility powergeneration meter at the facility that draws power from the power gridduring at least one of first time periods for the facility, and suppliespower to the power grid during at least one of second time periods froman onsite and local power generation capability of the facility, whereinthe facility power generation meter includes a network interfaceoperable to allow communication with a power grid provider; providing acurrent sense circuit and a processor to the facility power generationmeter; creating at least one physical connection between the facilitypower generation meter and a facility-local power subnetwork that isconnected to the facility and to the power grid; creating at least onephysical connection between the facility-local power subnetwork and aninverter of the onsite and local power generation capability, whereinthe inverter is connected to the facility power generation meter;receiving by the facility power generation meter a current from thefacility-local power subnetwork through the at least one physicalconnection between the facility power generation meter and thefacility-local power subnetwork, wherein the current is indicative ofpower relative to the power grid and the facility; generating by thecurrent sense circuit of the facility power generation meter a sensedcurrent value for the processor of the facility power generation meterfrom the current received from the facility-local power subnetworkthrough the at least one physical connection between the facility powergeneration meter and the facility-local power subnetwork; in a firstoccasion, locally using the processor of the facility power generationmeter at the facility to handle the sensed current value to determinehow much power the facility drew from the power grid and how much powerthe facility supplied to the power grid, and to count a first net amountof power supplied by the facility to the power grid during a particulartime interval; in a second occasion, locally using the processor of thefacility power generation meter at the facility to handle the sensedcurrent value to determine an amount of power supplied by the facilityto the power grid; in the second occasion, locally using a count by thefacility power meter of the power consumed by the facility from thepower grid and the determined amount of power supplied by the facilityto the power grid to count a second net amount of power supplied by thefacility to the power grid during a different time interval; andwirelessly exchanging one or more of a serial number of a handheldcollection device, a last timestamp collected, or a number of timeintervals collected as a confirmation between the handheld collectiondevice and the facility power generation meter after the handheldcollection device completes a wireless collection from the facilitypower generation meter of a plurality of net amounts of power suppliedby the facility to the power grid during a plurality of time intervals.2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: subscribing the facilityto a virtual power collective, wherein operation of the facility powergeneration meter is preconfigured according to a collective standardestablished by the virtual power collective to mitigate falsificationand under-accounting of information that represents the plurality of netamounts of power, wherein the network interface is configured to allowcommunication with the virtual power collective.
 3. The method of claim2, wherein the facility power generation meter further comprises amemory and cryptographic keys and cryptographic certificate materialstored securely in the memory.
 4. The method of claim 3, furthercomprising: using the processor to secure the information thatrepresents the plurality of net amounts of power with at least onecryptographic certificate signing process prescribed by the virtualpower collective according to the collective standard.
 5. The method ofclaim 3, further comprising: using the processor to perform on theinformation that represents the plurality of net amounts of power atleast one cryptographic process prescribed by the virtual powercollective according to the collective standard.
 6. The method of claim2, wherein the collective standard comprises at least one ofcertificates, public keys, private keys, keying materials, cryptographicencryption processes, or cryptographic certificate signing processes,which is provided by the virtual power collective and is required forthe facility to participate in the virtual power collective.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the onsite and local power generationcapability comprises at least one of wind, solar, geothermal, blume,fuel-cell, or power storage resources.
 8. A method comprising: providinga facility power meter at a facility, wherein the facility power metercounts a power consumed by the facility from a power grid; drawing powerfor the facility from the power grid during at least one of first timeperiods; supplying power to the power grid during at least one of secondtime periods from an onsite and local power generation capability of thefacility; and providing a facility power generation meter at thefacility, wherein said providing includes: providing a current sensecircuit and a processor to the facility power generation meter, creatingat least one physical connection between the facility power generationmeter and a facility-local power subnetwork that is connected to thefacility and to the power grid, creating at least one physicalconnection between the facility-local power subnetwork and an inverterof the onsite and local power generation capability, wherein theinverter is connected to the facility power generation meter, receivingand sensing a current from the facility-local power subnetwork by thecurrent sense circuit of the facility power generation meter through theat least one physical connection between the facility power generationmeter and the facility-local power subnetwork, wherein the current isindicative of power relative to the power grid and the facility, whereinthe facility power generation meter comprises a network interfaceoperable to allow communication with a power grid provider, generatingby the current sense circuit of the facility power generation meter asensed current value for the processor of the facility power generationmeter from the current received from the facility-local power subnetworkthrough the at least one physical connection between the facility powergeneration meter and the facility-local power subnetwork, in a firstoccasion, locally using the processor of the facility power generationmeter at the facility to handle the sensed current value to determinehow much power the facility drew from the power grid and how much powerthe facility supplied to the power grid, and to count a first net amountof power supplied by the facility to the power grid during a particulartime interval, in a second occasion, locally using the processor of thefacility power generation meter at the facility to handle the sensedcurrent value to determine an amount of power supplied by the facilityto the power grid, in the second occasion, locally using a count by thefacility power meter of the power consumed by the facility from thepower grid and the determined amount of power supplied by the facilityto the power grid to count a second net amount of power supplied by thefacility to the power grid during a different time interval, andwirelessly exchanging one or more of a serial number of a handheldcollection device, a last timestamp collected, or a number of timeintervals collected as a confirmation between the handheld collectiondevice and the facility power generation meter after the handheldcollection device completes a wireless collection from the facilitypower generation meter of a plurality of net amounts of power suppliedby the facility to the power grid during a plurality of time intervals.9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: subscribing the facilityto a virtual power collective, wherein operation of the facility powergeneration meter is preconfigured according to a collective standardestablished by the virtual power collective to mitigate falsificationand under-accounting of information that represents the plurality of netamounts of power, wherein the network interface is configured to allowcommunication with the virtual power collective.
 10. The method of claim9, wherein the facility power generation meter further comprises amemory and cryptographic keys and cryptographic certificate materialstored securely in the memory.
 11. The method of claim 10, furthercomprising: using the processor to secure the information thatrepresents the plurality of net amounts of power with at least onecryptographic certificate signing process prescribed by the virtualpower collective according to the collective standard.
 12. The method ofclaim 10, further comprising: using the processor to perform on theinformation that represents the plurality of net amounts of power atleast one cryptographic process prescribed by the virtual powercollective according to the collective standard.
 13. The method of claim9, wherein the collective standard comprises at least one ofcertificates, public keys, private keys, keying materials, cryptographicencryption processes, or cryptographic certificate signing processes,which is provided by the virtual power collective and is required forthe facility to participate in the virtual power collective.
 14. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the onsite and local power generationcapability comprises at least one of wind, solar, geothermal, blume,fuel-cell, or power storage resources.
 15. A method comprising:operating a virtual power collective configured to communicate with aplurality of subscribed facilities; receiving first information thatrepresents a first net amount of power supplied by a first subscribedfacility to a power grid during a first particular time period, whereinthe first net amount of power is locally calculated at the firstsubscribed facility; receiving second information that represents asecond net amount of power supplied by a second subscribed facility tothe power grid during a second particular time period, wherein thesecond net amount of power is locally calculated at the secondsubscribed facility; and validating the first and second information andperforming accounting tasks to compensate the first and secondsubscribed facilities, respectively, based at least on the first andsecond information, respectively, wherein each subscribed facilityincludes a respective facility power meter at a respective subscribedfacility operable to count a respective power consumed by the respectivesubscribed facility from the power grid, a respective onsite and localpower generation capability, a respective facility-local powersubnetwork, a respective inverter, and a respective facility powergeneration meter operable to use a respective current sense circuit tosense a respective current from the respective facility-local powersubnetwork to generate a respective sensed current value for arespective processor of the respective facility power generation meterfrom the respective current received through respective at least onephysical connection between the respective facility power generationmeter and the respective facility-local power subnetwork, wherein therespective current is indicative of power relative to the power grid andthe respective subscribed facility, wherein respective at least onephysical connection exists between the respective facility-local powersubnetwork and the respective inverter, wherein the respective inverteris connected to the respective facility power generation meter, whereinin a first occasion, the respective processor of the respective facilitypower generation meter is locally used at the respective subscribedfacility to handle the respective sensed current value to determine howmuch power the respective subscribed facility drew from the power gridand how much power the respective subscribed facility supplied to thepower grid, and to count a first particular net amount of power suppliedby the respective subscribed facility to the power grid during aparticular time interval, wherein in a second occasion, the respectiveprocessor of the respective facility power generation meter is locallyused at the respective subscribed facility to handle the respectivesensed current value to determine a respective amount of power suppliedby the respective subscribed facility to the power grid; wherein in thesecond occasion, a respective count by the respective facility powermeter of the respective power consumed by the respective subscribedfacility from the power grid and the determined respective amount ofpower supplied by the respective subscribed facility to the power gridare locally used to count a second particular net amount of powersupplied by the respective subscribed facility to the power grid duringa different time interval, wherein one or more of a serial number of arespective handheld collection device, a respective last timestampcollected, or a respective number of time intervals collected arewirelessly exchanged as a confirmation between the respective handheldcollection device and the respective facility power generation meterafter the respective handheld collection device completes a wirelesscollection from the respective facility power generation meter of arespective plurality of net amounts of power supplied by the respectivesubscribed facility to the power grid during a plurality of timeintervals, wherein the respective facility power generation meterincludes a respective network interface operable to allow communicationwith the virtual power collective and with a power grid provider. 16.The method of claim 15, wherein operation of the respective facilitypower generation meter is preconfigured according to a collectivestandard established by the virtual power collective to mitigatefalsification and under-accounting of respective information thatrepresents the respective plurality of net amounts of power, and whereinthe respective onsite and local power generation capability comprises atleast one of wind, solar, geothermal, blume, fuel-cell, or power storageresources.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the respective facilitypower generation meter further comprises a respective memory andrespective cryptographic keys and cryptographic certificate materialstored securely in the respective memory.
 18. The method of claim 17,further comprising: using the respective processor to secure therespective information that represents the respective plurality of netamounts of power with at least one cryptographic certificate signingprocess prescribed by the virtual power collective according to thecollective standard.
 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising:using the respective processor to perform on the respective informationthat represents the respective plurality of net amounts of power atleast one cryptographic process prescribed by the virtual powercollective according to the collective standard.
 20. The method of claim16, wherein the collective standard comprises at least one ofcertificates, public keys, private keys, keying materials, cryptographicencryption processes, or cryptographic certificate signing processes,which is provided by the virtual power collective and is required forthe respective subscribed facility to participate in the virtual powercollective.